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Alexander Csoma Körösi
He was born in the year 1784 in the town of Körös in Erdély (Transylvania). He completed his secondary education in the Collegium of Nagyenyed. From here he went with a British funded scholarship to the University of Göttingen, where he completed his preparation for his chosen field between the years of 1815 and 1818. This preparation already began in his school years in Nagyenyed, where he excelled not only in his scholarly preparations but also in self imposed discipline and fitness program. Even as a young man he knew that his life’s goal is to find the relatives of the Hungarians east of the Carpathian valley. He did show an intense interest in languages, the eastern languages in particular. He was teaching himself Turkish during his stay in Nagyenyed.
In Göttingen he studied history and Eastern languages from Johann Gottfried Eichhorn, a renown scholar of his day. He learned here the Arabic, Persian and Turkish languages. He studied English from professor Fiorillo, and anthropology from Blumenbach. (Wurzbach Biographical Lexicon Vol.III..)
After the completion of his studies his road led from Erdély to Darjiling in quest of his life’s goal. He spent years in Tibetan monasteries and communities, like Zangla, Phuktal, Kunavar where he studied not only the ancient Tibetan documents but also the language, religion and culture of the surrounding countries also. He did this relying only on his own meager resources in order to maintain his scholarly independence and integrity.
He added to the already vast knowledge several other languages. He spoke seventeen languages plus his native Hungarian. These were the Latin, Greek, Turkish, Arabic, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Pasthu, Persian, Tibetan, Hindustani, Marathi, Bengali languages, German, English, French, Italian, and his biographer mentioned a Slavic language, without specifying which of the Slavic languages this was.
His most significant works are:
Tibetan and English Dictionary, written between 1827 and 1830, published in 1834
Grammar of the Tibetan Language in English
Tibetan wordlist concerning the vocabulary and the entire system of Tibetan Buddhism.
A study concerning the affiliations between the Hungarian and the Sanskrit - Hindi - Maráthi, etc. languages. These remained unpublished and can be found only as an appendix in his biography written by Duka.
His studies concerning the Buddhist literature appeared regularly in the official journal of the Asiatic Society, the Asiatic Research. At this time he researched the onehundred volumes of the “Kandjur."
He translated the Protestant liturgy, the psalms and a prayerbook for the missionaries into the Tibetan language. These were still in use in the Moravian mission in the 1950’s.
He drew parallels between the theories of Buddhism and Christianity and found the similarities important and worthy for further study.
He catalogued for the Asiatic Society Hodgson’s collection about Nepal that contained the Sanskrit material of the Northern Buddhism. He corresponded a lot with Hodgson, who sent the material of these correspondences to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
He did teach Tibetan to an interested individual out of love of his subject and later donated thirty Tibetan books to this student. These too were eventually donated to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
He established the groundwork for transliterating the Tibetan script into Latin letters.
He was vastly ahead of his time’s scholars in recognizing the presence of Huns in China over two-thousand years ago.
His work concerning the Tibetan dictionary, grammar and script he was the first to open the road to Tibetan literature and made the study of northern Buddhism possible.
He found the correspondences in Sanskrit and Hungarian significant and urged further study.
He wrote his name in the following manner: Körösi Csoma Sándor in his native Hungary; he used the form Alexander Csoma de Körös in his English correspondences and publications, such as the front page of his Tibetan dictionary; the name Alexander Csoma de Kőrös appears on the front page of his Tibetan Grammar. In Persian texts he used the name Molla Eszkander Csoma ez Mulk-i-Rúm.
From 1833 he was corresponding member of the Hungarian Scientific Society
He was named honorary member of the Asiatic Society on February 6,1834. This was the world’s first Oriental Institute.
His wordly possessions at the time of his death consisted of the following items: four trunks full of books, a suit in which he was laid to rest, a few sheets and one cooking utensil.
His biographer, Duka has seen the trunks in 1854 and prepared a list of their contents. Among these he mentions three Tibetan manuscripts consisting of 60, 30 and 26 pages. These he called “examples of letters in the Tibetan language.” When the Asiatic Society moved to other quarters these trunks became lost.
His biographers are the following:
Theodore Duka M.D. Life and Works of Alexander Csoma de Körös, Trübner’s Oriental Series, London 1885
The Hungarian Geographic Society On top of the world - Following Sándor Csoma Körösi to western Tibet, Budapest 1930
Sir William Wilson Hunter A Pilgrim Scholar, published in the The Pioneer Mail in installments in 1885. This was later translated by Duka into Hungarian and published in the Budapesti Szemle. The Royal Asiatic Society published in its official publication in 1825 Csoma’s report concerning his works.
Debreczy Körösi Csoma Sándor csodálatos élete (The Miraculous Life of Sándor Csoma Körös), Sepsiszentgyörgy, 1937
Ervin Baktai Körösi Csoma Sándor, Budapest, 1963
The bulk of Körösi’s work is being cared for by the British Museum in London. |
Life And Works Of Alexander Csoma De Koros
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